Histoire des Sciences médicales

La revue Histoire des sciences médicales est l'organe officiel de la Société française d’histoire de la médecine (SFHM) depuis 1967. Pour consulter les archives de la SFHM avant 1967 : Cf. https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/archives-de-la-sfhm/

Cette revue, trimestrielle jusqu’en 2018, est devenue annuelle à partir de 2019 (avec le Tome LIII, qui correspond en fait au premier tome des parutions annuelles). Les numéros suivants sont indiqué par Tome II pour 2020, Tome III pour 2021, etc.

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1990, Vol. 24 (2)	(PDF complet : 35 Mo)
[Sommaire] (PDF 595 Ko) Pour citer cet article [Sommaire] In : Histoire des Sciences médicales, 1990, 24 (2), pp. 83-84 URL : http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1990x024x002/HSMx1990x024x002x0083.pdf	83-84
[Vie de la Société] . Compte rendu de la séance du 24 février 1990. / Compte rendu de la séance du 24 mars 1990. / Compte rendu de la séance du 28 avril 1990. (PDF 3704 Ko) Pour citer cet article [Vie de la Société] . Compte rendu de la séance du 24 février 1990. / Compte rendu de la séance du 24 mars 1990. / Compte rendu de la séance du 28 avril 1990. In : Histoire des Sciences médicales, 1990, 24 (2), pp. 85-92 URL : http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1990x024x002/HSMx1990x024x002x0085.pdf	85-92
Gourevitch, Danielle. - Les tire-lait antiques et la consommation médicale de lait humain. ["Ancient breast-pumps and the medical use of human milk".] (PDF 2926 Ko) The author describes a few objects which are or might be ancient breast-pumps; she describes also some small vases in which human milk was kept. In fact medical writers as Celsus, Plinius, Marcellus and Galen used to prescribe human milk as an external or as an internal remedy. Pour citer cet article Gourevitch, Danielle. - Les tire-lait antiques et la consommation médicale de lait humain. ["Ancient breast-pumps and the medical use of human milk".] In : Histoire des Sciences médicales, 1990, 24 (2), pp. 93-98 URL : http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1990x024x002/HSMx1990x024x002x0093.pdf	93-98
Wallach, Daniel - Tilles, Gérard. - Le premier congrès international de dermatologie et de syphiligraphie (5-10 août 1889, Paris). [The First International Congress of Dermatology and Syphilology, Paris, August 5-10, 1889.] (PDF 3013 Ko) This presentation is intented to tell the story and explore the scientific content of the first international congress of dermatology and syphilology, which was held in Paris under the auspices of the 1889 World Fair. 210 dermatologists from 29 countries attended the congress, which was held in the Dermatology Wax Museum of the Hôpital Saint-Louis. This museum was inaugurated on this occasion. The congress's honorary president was Ph. Ricord, the president A. Hardy, the secretary H. Feulard. The congress's acta, edited by Henri Feulard, present a precise state of the dermatological knowledge one century ago. Six main questions were selected to be discussed in depth: the group of “lichens”; pityriasis rubra and exfoliative dermatitis; pemphigus and the classification of bullous diseases; trichophyton; treatment of syphilis; tertiary syphilis. Pour citer cet article Wallach, Daniel - Tilles, Gérard. - Le premier congrès international de dermatologie et de syphiligraphie (5-10 août 1889, Paris). [The First International Congress of Dermatology and Syphilology, Paris, August 5-10, 1889.] In : Histoire des Sciences médicales, 1990, 24 (2), pp. 99-104 URL : http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1990x024x002/HSMx1990x024x002x0099.pdf	99-104
Laurière, Raymond. - D'Alibert à Girou ou les lettres d'un patron à son interne. (PDF 2309 Ko) Jean-Louis Alibert (1768-1837) is know as the inventor of french dermatology. Doctor in medicine in 1799, he is appointed at Saint Louis Hospital in Paris in 1801. This picturesque figure was to transform his hospital, giving it its specific traits in dermatology and creating the first clinic dealing with skin diseases, putting to practice the new hospital orientations. A correspondance (unpublished) with is intern, Louis Girou de Buzareingues, is presented. It shows the relation-ship between a patron and his intern and gives a better approach to Jean-Louis Alibert's rich, original, but also questioned personality. Pour citer cet article Laurière, Raymond. - D'Alibert à Girou ou les lettres d'un patron à son interne. In : Histoire des Sciences médicales, 1990, 24 (2), pp. 105-110 URL : http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1990x024x002/HSMx1990x024x002x0105.pdf	105-110
Salf, Eric. - Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. "Digne de son père" (1805-1861). (PDF 4963 Ko) Son of the great zoologist E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844), zoologist himself Isidore G. S.-H. was born (and died) at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris on December 16, 1805. Already zoologist, Isidore, Doctor in August 1829 with a medical thesis entitled: "Propositions sur la Monstruosité", founded Teratology, the science of the monstrous fact, and created this new medical term. The beginning of his scientific activity was influenced by the great debate of his father with Georges Cuvier (1830), his election at the "Académie des Sciences" (1833) and the important "Traité de Tératologie" (1832-1837). First dean of the "Faculté des Sciences" in Bordeaux (1838), Inspecteur of the Académie de Paris (1840), chairman of the board of zoology at the "Muséum", he acceeded to the general Inspection of the Académie de Paris (1844), when his father died. Being his biographer (1847), he continued his scientific research, publications and teaching. He founded the "Société impériale zoologique d'Acclimatation" (1854) and wrote the "Histoire générale des Règnes organiques". Widower in 1855, President of the Académie des Sciences (1858), he created the "Jardin d'Acclimatation du Bois de Boulogne", west of Paris, inaugurated in 1860. He died on November 10, 1861, as Director at the "Muséum" and his buried next to his father at the "Père-Lachaise" cemetery, in Paris. Pour citer cet article Salf, Eric. - Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. "Digne de son père" (1805-1861). In : Histoire des Sciences médicales, 1990, 24 (2), pp. 111-120 URL : http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1990x024x002/HSMx1990x024x002x0111.pdf	111-120
Poirier, Jean-Pierre. - La découverte de l'urée urinaire par Fourcroy et Vauquelin en 1797. (PDF 2779 Ko) The occurence in distillated human urine of an extractum saponaceum has been observed since the beginning of the XVIIth. century by a large number of scientists, including Van Helmont, Boyle, Lemery, Boerhaave, Rouelle, Scheeele. In 1797, shortly before Cruikshanck and Rollo, Fourcroy and Vauquelin obtained this extractum in crystallised form by nitric acid. In 1799, they described in two lectures at the Institut the chemical nature, the method of extraction and the physiological properties of urea. In 1817, W. Prout and J.E. Berard confirmed the chemical definition of urea. In 1828, F. Wöhler performed the synthesis using potassium ferrocyanate. In 1856, P.J.A. Bechamp was able to synthetise urea in vitro by direct oxydation of proteins. Pour citer cet article Poirier, Jean-Pierre. - La découverte de l'urée urinaire par Fourcroy et Vauquelin en 1797. In : Histoire des Sciences médicales, 1990, 24 (2), pp. 121-126 URL : http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1990x024x002/HSMx1990x024x002x0121.pdf	121-126
Richet, Gabriel. - L'urée urinaire vient-elle du sang ou est-elle élaborée par le rein? [From where does urinary urea come? Extracted from blood or synthetised within the kidney?] (PDF 2748 Ko) An important dilemna during the first half of the XIXth century settled by three experimental procedures. In 1803, J. N. Comhaire from Liège presented in Paris his MD thesis on bilateral nephrectomy or ligature of ureters. He was unable to demonstrate any urea accumulation in blood but observed a delayed death of the dogs that prompted him to suspect an indirect cause of death, at the contrary of what noticed by Bichat after the suppression of the functions of the brain, heart and lungs. He did not exclude a treatment! In 1821, J. L. Prevost and J. B. Dumas in Geneva performed binephrectomy in dogs and cats. After 4 or 5 days, the moribund animals were bled. The blood contained an anormal substance which precipitated as nitrate cristals, chemically identical to urea nitrate obtained from urine. They drew the conclusion that urea arose from the organism and discharged into the blood. The kidney did not take part in its production and was only an "eliminatory surface". In his MD thesis defended at Strabourg in 1856, J. Picard brought a different but strong argument in favour of the renal extraction of urea from the blood. Starting from a new method for determining urea just proposed by Liebig, he improved it and was thus able to measure for the first time urea in a limited amount of blood of normal men and dogs. Moreover he compared the urea concentration of the blood of renal artery and vein. The latter was half of the former. The dispute was settled. Pour citer cet article Richet, Gabriel. - L'urée urinaire vient-elle du sang ou est-elle élaborée par le rein? [From where does urinary urea come? Extracted from blood or synthetised within the kidney?] In : Histoire des Sciences médicales, 1990, 24 (2), pp. 127-132 URL : http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1990x024x002/HSMx1990x024x002x0127.pdf	127-132
Larcan, Alain. - L'urémie expérimentale. L'apport décisif de Feltz et Ritter. (PDF 4105 Ko) When renal function was impaired with various experiments (nephrectomy, renal vessels clamping, ureter clamping) which increased blood urea level (Prevost and Dumas, 1821), one asked for the toxicity of that urea and its involvement in clinical "uremic syndrome". This Wilson's theory (1833) was rapidly contested. Other theories were evoked: "serum dilution" secondary to arterial hypertension and left ventricular failure (Traube's theory); other chemical compounds toxicity theory like ammoniac by Frerichs (1851) or creatine by Schottin (1853-60), Victor Feltz and Eugène Ritter, professors of pathology and chemistry respectively, Faculté de médecine of Strasbourg and Nancy, who performed nicely 142 studies reported in a large book (1881), Godard's Reward, Académie de médecine, 1884). They demonstrated the nontoxic effect of urea, ammoniac and other organic compounds which were retained in blood; they claimed fresh urine toxicity being related to nonorganic compounds, especially potassium salts. Pour citer cet article Larcan, Alain. - L'urémie expérimentale. L'apport décisif de Feltz et Ritter. In : Histoire des Sciences médicales, 1990, 24 (2), pp. 133-140 URL : http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1990x024x002/HSMx1990x024x002x0133.pdf	133-140
Rérat, Alain. - Naissance et évolution des connaissances sur le métabolisme azoté et l'urée. (PDF 5114 Ko) This historical review article, divided into five chapters, deals with the origin and development of knowledge on nitrogen and urea from the end of the XVIIIth century to the beginning of the XXth century. It describes the discovery of nitrogen (Rutherford, 1772), the demonstration of its free and organic forms (Lavoisier, 1889-90) and the role of nitrogen components in biology and their steady renewal in the organism (Magendie, 1816-17). The next step in this field was the identification of proteins as a chemical class (Mulder, 1839) and the presumption of an intermediate metabolism between dietary nitrogen constituents and urea which is the final nitrogen excretion compound (Liebig, 1847). The quantitative aspects of nitrogen metabolism were thereafter assessed thanks to the well defined balance techniques (Boussingault, 1839). Using these techniques, Voit (1866-67) established the dualistic theory of nitrogen metabolism, characterized as endogenous and exogenous metabolisms by Folin in 1905. The dynamic aspects of this theory already suspected by Magendie, were only considered again in 1942 by Schoenheimer. The qualitative aspects of nitrogen metabolism were the examined and the relationships established between the chemical composition of proteins and their nutritive value (Kauffmann, 1905) and this led to the classification of essential and non essential amino acids (Rose, 1938). The ability of gastrointestinal micro-organisms of using non protein nitrogen sources such as urea (Zuntz, 1891, Hageman, 1891) was analysed with very positive nutritional consequences in polygastric animals in which the fermentative reservoirs are located before the enzymatic and absorbtive sections of the small intestine. Pour citer cet article Rérat, Alain. - Naissance et évolution des connaissances sur le métabolisme azoté et l'urée. In : Histoire des Sciences médicales, 1990, 24 (2), pp. 141-150 URL : http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1990x024x002/HSMx1990x024x002x0141.pdf	141-150
Durel, P. - Ségal, A. - Postel, J. - Cornet, A. - Théodoridès, Jean. - Analyses d'ouvrages. (PDF 4176 Ko) Pour citer cet article Durel, P. - Ségal, A. - Postel, J. - Cornet, A. - Théodoridès, Jean. - Analyses d'ouvrages. In : Histoire des Sciences médicales, 1990, 24 (2), pp. 151-158 URL : http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1990x024x002/HSMx1990x024x002x0151.pdf	151-158
Ouvrages et publications reçus ou annoncés. (PDF 512 Ko) Pour citer cet article Ouvrages et publications reçus ou annoncés. In : Histoire des Sciences médicales, 1990, 24 (2), pp. 159-160 URL : http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhm/hsm/HSMx1990x024x002/HSMx1990x024x002x0159.pdf	159-160

Histoire des Sciences médicales

1990, Vol. 24 (2)